Jungle Safari Tours in Nepal
Trekking and rafting often take you through mountainous areas of great natural beauty but it can be difficult to see or track wildlife. For those who want to make nature the focus of their trip, the reserves and national parks of the Terai region are ideal. Open woodland covers large areas of the parks, but the widely spaced Sal trees allow the wildlife to be seen and there are areas of grassland and marsh too. Together these habitats are home to hundreds of species of birds and mammals. The main attractions are the Bengal Tigers and the one horned rhinoceros, but there are also leopards, blue sheep, huge buffalo called gaur and two different types of crocodile.

Nepal has 16 national parks, wildlife reserves and conservation areas, occupying over 16% of its total area. Visitors pay an admission fee to enter them. Nepal Adventure Point offers visitors to Annapurna Conservation Area, Langtang National Park, Sagarmatha National Park, Kanchanjunga Conservation Area, Manasulu Conservation Area, Rara National Park, Shivapuri National Park, Kahptad National Park, Makalu Barun National Park, Shey-Phokskundo national Park can be visited through out trekking routes. Similarly, Nepal Adventure Point offers package tours among some National parks and wildlife reserves, Chitwan National Park, Bardia National Park, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Parsa Wildlife Reserve are popular destinations for jungle safari in Nepal. Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is one of the popular destinations for hunting.

Chitwan National Park: Chitwan National Park is the first national park in Nepal. Formerly called Royal Chitwan National Park it was established in 1973 and granted the status of a World Heritage Site in 1984. The park was declared UNESCO Natural Heritage Site in 1979. It covers an area of 932 km2 and is located in the subtropical Inner Terai lowlands of south-central Nepal in the Chitwan district. In altitude it ranges from about 100 meters (330ft) in the river valleys to 815 meters (2,674ft) in the Churia Hills. In the north and west of the protected area the Narayani-Rapti river system forms a natural boundary to human settlements. Adjacent to the east of Chitwan National Park is Parsa Wildlife Reserve; contiguous in the south is the Indian tiger Reserve Balmiki National Park. The coherent protected area of 2,075 km2 represents the Tiger Conservation Unit Chitwan-Parsa-Balmiki, which covers a 3,549 km2 huge block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests.

The park headquarters at Kasara is 21-kms drive from Bharatpur which is 20 minutes by air or 146-kms by road from Kathmandu. In this park there are many Resorts hotels and lodge to accommodate.

Access in Chitwan National Park
By Surface: A pleasant five hours drive by car or bus on the Kathmandu - Narayanghat highway follows the Trishuli river offering you a continually changing landscape from the mountains of the Himalayas to the plains of the Terai.

By Raft: You can raft down the Trisuli River from Kathmandu or raft in Seti River from Pokhara to reach the park. These options are one of the most exciting ways to travel to the Chitwan National Park. During the raft you can float down the river experiencing its numerous rapid and seeing a variety of village life, flora and fauna along its banks.

By Air: Regular charter flights are available from Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar (Koshi Tappu), Bhairawa (Lumbini), Nepalgunj (Bardia).

Accommodation: There are plenty of jungle lodges and hotels in and around Chitwan, broadly classified as those in the park and those in Sauraha. The lodges in the park are expensive and mostly cater to the package tourist arriving from Kathmandu. For budget accommodation, look around Sauraha and take your pick of a range of good lodges.

Safari activities
Jungle walk: You get the best animal sightings on foot at your own pace. You will be able to appreciate the smaller attractions of the jungle with our naturalists. Usually it is easy to see animals such as rhino, deer and sloth’s as these animals prefer to live in less disturbed areas of the park. Atop an elephant is the safest and most convenient way to get around in the jungle and observe the diversity of wild life.

Elephant Safari: You can travel through open grassland and dense forest on elephant back in search of rare games; you can spot one horned rhino, various species of deer, wild boar, sloth bear, leopard, bison and the big one, the Royal Bengal tiger etc.

Canoe trip: A float down the river by dugout canoe is the best way to see crocodiles basking on the riverbank. It is also a relaxing way to watch birds and wildlife species that frequently come to bathe and drink.

Jeep drive: A jeep drive is the fastest way to visit a wide area of the park. A 4-hour drive of some 45km in the park offers a good chance of seeing some big game.

Bird watching: Chitwan national park is known as a paradise for birds and birdwatcher. Chitwan Valley records over 450 species of birds. The eagle eyes of our naturalist will point out some of the migratory and globally threatened birds.

Village tour: This tour will take you towards the ethnic inhabitants (known as Tharu Village) of this area. Commonly they are living on combine family, their houses are like huts and look smaller from outside but they have enough space for their family from inside, Mostly houses are decorated with their traditional colorful paints on their outer wall. Women shrubs their houses daily and men can be seen taking their cattle to the nearby jungle in the morning and at day time they fish in the river for their food.

Cultural Program: This is an entertainment of your time while you are in the park. You may feel tired from all jungle activities. One evening you can enjoy with the Tharu cultural stick dance. These community people were innocent people at the first stage and they had lack of communication with the tourists at first. They started to welcome tourists with their dance at first and these days they are doing it commercially and professionally with some of Nepali, Indian songs and dances as well.

Tour program of the park: Chitwan National Park is synonymous with some of the most rewarding and stimulating wildlife activities in Nepal. With the comfortable stay in one of several Jungle Lodges and/or Tented Camps set in Nepal\'s famous National parks of Chitwan and Bardia, you can enjoy elephant-back safari to observe for the rare great one horned rhinoceros, elusive tigers, leopards, crocodiles, bears, many species of deer, monkeys and many other rare & exotic animals & birds. Take nature walks to experience the close encounter with the armor-plated one-horned rhinoceros and follow tiger tracks through the thick sub-tropical jungles with trained local naturalists. Jeep drives through the park and boat rides down the rivers are also included. Birdwatchers will be awarded with many rare species that make up the 400 plus species recorded in the parks.

A visit to Chitwan allows the opportunity to fully experience the contrasts of Nepal. It offers an insight into a very different natural and cultural setting compared to the more familiar visions of the Country. Chitwan fits well into a tour with a varied itinerary and can be easily combined with rafting and treks in the Annapurna region.

Schedule program
DAY 01
1:00 P.M. Lunch
3:30 P.M. Elephant ride/nature walk/visit to observation tower.
6:30 P.M. Slide show/ Tharu stick dance.
8:00 P.M. Dinner.

DAY 02
5:30 A.M. Wake up call 5:45 A.M. Tea/Coffee
6:00 A.M. Elephant ride/bird watching
8:00 A.M. Breakfast
9:00 A.M. Canoe ride/Elephant briefing/swimming and bath
1:00 P.M. Lunch
3:00 P.M. Nature walk/ Elephant ride/Canoe ride
6:30 P.M. Tharu stick Dance/Slide show
8:00 P.M. Dinner.

DAY 03
5:30 A.M Wake up call
5:45 A.M Tea/Coffee
6:00 A.M Bird watching/Elephant ride
8:00 A.M Breakfast
9:00 A.M Departures from the Lodge.

Note: All timing is subject to change according to the season
- Canoeing will be offered from October until mid-March only.
- Jungle drive will be offered from mid-November until June only.

Guideline itinerary:
DAY 01: Fly or drive from Kathmandu to Chitwan National Park. After lunch you can enjoy an elephant back safari or nature walk through the tall elephant grass that is the home of the rare and endangered One Horned Rhinoceros. In the evening enjoy cultural programs conducted by Tharu, community of Terai. You stay overnight at camp or lodge.

DAY 02: Today you enjoy a full day of safari activities that will include elephant back safari, nature walks, canoe or boat ride, jeep drive, elephant bathing, bird watching, etc. as time permits. All outings will be guided by trained local naturalists and guides. Animals and birds to be seen are rhinoceros, crocodiles, bear, monkeys, several species of deer, pythons, peacocks, hornbills, woodpeckers (amongst more than 400 species of birds recorded in the park).

DAY 03: After breakfast there will be another chance to go out on a safari activity. Afterwards start drive or fly to Kathmandu.

Note: This is a typical package but it is possible design longer or shorter programs according to your time and interest.

Striking features of the park
- There are more than 43 species of mammals, over 450 species of birds, and more than 45 species of amphibians and reptiles in the park.
- One of the most important sub-tropical parks in Indian sub-continent.
- More than 43 mammal species, 450 bird species, and more than 45 species of amphibians and reptiles.
- Known for diversity of eco-systems. Within the park are Churia hills, ox-bow lakes, and the flood plains of Rapti, Reu and Narayani rivers.

Travel Tips
- Try to be well informed about the routes of the park
- Consult the doctor before you leave for the trip
- Do not disturb the animals and birds in the park
- Remain in a group
- Try to take a guide along with you while exploring the park

When to visit?
The best time to visit Chitwan National Park is from October through March, when the temperature averages 25 degrees Celsius. The months of March, April and June can be extremely hot, while July - September is the monsoon season when river swell and part of the park become inaccessible.

What to Bring with you?
Chitwan has a tropical monsoon climate with high humidity throughout the year. In winter (December, January, February) the temperature falls down to 2 degree to 3 degree Celsius at night therefore warm clothes are essential. However, surprisingly sunny days are warm ranging from 15 degree to 20 degree Celsius. Duny Summer, sunhat, sun glasses, sunscreen, lotion, insect repellents, raining season July, August and September raincoat is a must. Binoculars and some reference books on chitwan's flora and fauna will be an advantage.

General information about the Park
Climate of the park: The area is located in the central climatic zone of the Himalayas, where monsoon starts in mid June and eases off in late September. During these 14-15 weeks most of the 2,500 mm yearly precipitation falls – it is pouring with rain. After mid-October the monsoon clouds have retreated, humidity drops off, and the top daily temperature gradually subsides from ±36°C / 96.8 °F to ±18°C / 64.4 °F. Nights are cooling down to 5°C / 41.0 °F until late December, when it usually rains softly for a few days. Then temperatures are rising gradually.

Vegetation of the park: The typical vegetation of the Inner Terai is Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests with predominantly Sal trees covering about 70% of the national park area. Purest stands of sal occur on well drained lowland ground in the centre. Along the southern face of the Churia Hills sal is interspersed with Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii). On northern slopes sal associates with smaller flowering tree and shrub species such as Beleric (Terminalia bellirica), Indian Rosewood (Dalbergia sissoo), Axlewood (Anogeissus latifolia), Elephant Apple (Dillenia indica), Grey Downy Balsam (Garuga pinnata) and creepers such as Bauhinia vahlii and Spatholobus parviflorus.

Seasonal bushfires, flooding and erosion evoke an ever-changing mosaic of riverine forest and grasslands along the river banks. On recently deposited alluvium and in lowland areas groups of Catechu (Acacia catechu) with Indian Rosewood (Dalbergia sissoo) predominate, followed by groups of Kapok (Bombax ceiba) with Rhino Apple trees (Trewia nudiflora), the fruits of which rhinos savour so much. Understorey shrubs of Velvety beautyberry (Callicarpa macrophylla), Hill Glory Bower (Clerodendrum viscosum) and Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) offer shelter and lair to a wide variety of species.

Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands cover about 20% of the park’s area. More than 50 species are found here including some of the world’s tallest grasses like the elephant grass called Saccharum ravennae, Giant cane (Arundo donax), Khagra reed (Phragmites karka) and several species of true grasses. Kans grass (Saccharum spontaneum) is one of the first grasses to colonise new sandbanks and to be washed away by the yearly monsoon floods.

Fauna in the park: The wide range of vegetation types in the Chitwan National Park is haunting of more than 700 species of wildlife and a not yet fully surveyed number of butterfly, moth and insect species. Apart from King Cobra and Indian rock python 17 other species of snakes, Indian starred tortoise and monitor lizards occur. The Narayani-Rapti river system, their small tributaries and myriads of oxbow lakes is habitat for 113 recorded species of fish and mugger crocodiles. In the early 1950s about 235 gharials occurred in the Narayani River. The population has dramatically declined to only 38 wild gharials in 2003. Every year gharial eggs are collected along the rivers to be hatched in the breeding center of the Gharial Conservation Project, where animals are reared to an age of 6-9 years. Every year young gharials are reintroduced into the Narayani-Rapti river system, of which sadly only very few survive.

Mammals in the park: The Chitwan National Park is home to at least 43 species of mammals. The King of the Jungle is the Bengal Tiger. The alluvial floodplain habitat of the Terai is one of the best tiger habitats anywhere in the world. Since the establishment of Chitwan National Park the initially small population of about 25 individuals has increased to 70-110 in 1980. In some years this population has declined due to poaching and floods. In a long-term study carried out from 1995-2002 tiger researchers identified a relative abundance of 82 breeding tigers and a density of 6 females per 100 km2. Leopards are most prevalent on the peripheries of the park. They co-exist with tigers, but being socially subordinate are not common in prime tiger habitat. Apart from these top predators fishing cats, jungle cats, clouded leopards, leopard cats, marbled cats, golden jackals, Indian wild dogs, sloth bears, Bengal foxes, Spotted linsangs, palm civets, Large and Small Indian civets, several species of mongoose, binturongs, honey badgers and yellow-throated martens roam the jungle for prey. Striped hyenas are rare and prevail on the southern slopes of the Churia Hills. Smooth-coated otters inhabit the numerous creeks and rivulets. Indian Rhinoceros: since 1973 the population has recovered well and increased to 544 animals around the turn of the century. To ensure the survival of the endangered species in case of epidemics animals are Tran located annually from Chitwan to the Bardia National Park and the Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve since 1986. However, the population has repeatedly been jeopardized by poaching: in 2002 alone, poachers have killed 37 animals cruelly in order to saw off and sell their valuable horns.

From time to time wild elephant bulls find their way from Valmiki National Park into the valleys of the park, apparently in search of elephant cows willing to be seduced. Gaurs spend most of the year in the less accessible Churia Hills in the south of the national park. But when the bush fires ease off in springtime and lush grasses start growing up again, they descend into the grassland and riverine forests to graze and browse. The Chitwan population of the world's largest wild cattle species has increased from 188 to 296 animals in the years 1997-2007. Apart from numerous wild boars also sambar deer, Indian muntjac, hog deer and herds of chital inhabit the park. Four-horned antelopes reside predominantly in the hills. Furthermore rhesus monkeys, hanuman langurs, Indian pangolins, Indian porcupines, several species of flying squirrels, black-naped hares and endangered hispid hares are present.

Birds in the park: Every year dedicated bird watchers and conservationist’s survey bird species occurring all over the country. In 2006 they recorded 543 species in the Chitwan National Park, much more than in any other protected area in Nepal and about two-thirds of Nepal's globally threatened species. Additionally, 20 black-chinned yuhina, a pair of Gould's sunbird, a pair of blossom-headed parakeet and one slaty-breasted rail, an uncommon winter visitor, were sighted in spring 2008.

Tourism in the park: Chitwan National Park is one of Nepal’s most popular tourist destinations. In 1989 more than 31,000 people visited the park, and ten years later already more than 77,000. There are several lodges inside the national park offering full board and accommodation in combination with elephant and jeep safaris, rafting tours and guided jungle walks. The pioneer safari lodge is Tiger Tops Jungle Lodge receiving guests since 1972. Tiger Tops has developed standards for responsible conservation tourism, e.g. supports the “Long-term Tiger Monitoring Project” and anti-poaching units operating in the national park. On the edge of the national park Sauraha is a well-known spot for tourists. Accessible from the nearby Bharatpur Airport, Sauraha offers a choice of hotels, lodges, restaurants and agencies that organize day trips into the protected area.

Bardiya National Park: Bardia National Park is the largest and most undisturbed wilderness area in the Terai providing excellent habitat for most of the endangered species of wildlife and birds. This park is perhaps the best place for Rhino and Tiger spotting. The Bardia National Park was initially a Royal hunting reserve. It was in 1976 that it was gazette as Royal Karnali Wildlife Reserve with an area of only 368 square kilometer in 1982; it was renamed as Royal Bardia Wildlife Reserve Which also included the Babai River Valley. It was only in 1988 that is was granted a status of National Park in order to preserve the dwindling species of rare ecosystem, including flora and fauna, particularly the tiger and its other prey species.

Access to Bardia National Park
By Road: You can reserve a private transport and reach till the park or alternatively take overnight or day buses plying on the route of Dhangadi, Mahendranagar or Karnali. Drop at Ambassa (the gate way of Bardia National Park), which takes 15-hrs from Kathmandu, 11-hrs from Pokhara and Chitwan.

By Raft: If you are rafting in Karnali River your ending point is at Chisapani Bridge where you will be greeted by our naturalist, who will take you to the Park by Private Jeep which is 31 km.

By Air: There are an hour regular daily flights from Kathmandu to Nepalgunj. Upon arrival at the Nepaljung airport you are received by our representative then 90-kms drive to Bardia National Park. It takes approximately two hour drive.

Highlights of Bardia National Park
- Explore the Bardia National Park
- Elephant Safari
- Jeep drive
- Elephant herd
- Observe 30 different mammals and 250 species of birds
- Discover the unique tradition and culture

Accommodation: There are a number of tourist lodges and resorts for accommodation. In the season, it may be advisable to make a booking before heading out.

What to bring along
Although the Terai can be cool during the winter, it can be stiflingly hot during the summer months. If you are headed there in winter, bring along a sweater of jacket. Summer months require cool clothes, good walking shoes, shady hat and sunscreen. Make sure your clothes are in colors like brown and green that helps you blend into the background. Carry along some mosquito repellant, anti- diarrhea tablets and anti-histamines. Meanwhile, along with photo equipment, a pair of binoculars will prove invaluable. If you are closer to the monsoon months, carry some waterproof jackets and an extra pair of shoes. Just in Case.

The Terai jungle is also famous for leeches that appear in the monsoon and around for a few months after. Salt of a lighted cigarette will make them fall off; do not pull them off as the wound may get infected. Try an insect repellant to keep them away.

Activities can be done
Tiger and Elephant tracking
Nature walk
Bird watching
Rafting and canoeing trips at Karnali River
Jeep safari
Dolphine Sightseeing
Cycling tours to black buck area isolated villages and surrounding
Farmlands, visit to the Karnali Bridge.
Elephant safaris, Jungle drive
Tharu culture program

Itinerary:
DAY 01: Drive or fly from Kathmandu to Nepalgunj. You will be picked up from here. After briefing about the programs, enjoy breakfast. Visit to crocodile breeding center and tharu village. Jungle drive whole day with packed lunch. You enjoy dinner and overnight stay at lodge.

DAY 02: After breakfast you set out for jungle walk. You walk to Rhino’s, Elephant’s and Tiger’s territory up to Gola, Dolphin Place. You enjoy dinner and overnight stay at lodge.

DAY 03: This day you visit black sanctuary with packed lunch and drive to Babai Bridge and walk upstream along the gorge of Babai River. You return to lodge in the evening. You enjoy dinner and overnight stay at lodge.

DAY 04: After breakfast you depart from lodge for Kathmandu.

General information about the park
Seasons: As with the rest of Nepal the park's climate is affected by the summer monsoon. The best times to visit are between October and early April when weather is warm and dry. From April onwards the temperatures rise, peaking at around 45 C in May and pre-monsoon thunderstorms continue until late September. During this time most roads and rivers become impassable.
 

Details about the park: Bardia National Park is the largest and most undisturbed wilderness area in the Terai, providing excellent habitat for the following endangered species:

Endangered animals: Rhinoceros, Wild elephant, Tiger, Swamp deer, Black buck, Gharial crocodile, Marsh mugger crocodile, Gangetic dolphin.

Endangered birds: Bengal florican, Sliver-eared mesia, Sarus crane, lesser florican. More than 30 different mammals, over 250 species of birds and many snakes, lizards and fish have been recorded in the park's forests, grasslands and river habitats. The more commonly seen are:

Mammals: Langur monkey, Rhesus monkey, Common leopard, Jungle cat, Fishing cat, Large and small Indian civets, Palm civet, Hyena, Wild dog, Jackal, Sloth bear, Otter, Porcupine, Bandicoots, Blue bull (Nilgi), Sambar deer, Hog deer, Barking deer and Wild boar.

Birds: Flycatchers , Babblers , Sunbirds, Drongols (7 species), Eurasian thicknee ruddy , Shelduck, Warblers, Bulbuls (5 species), Woodpeckers ( 10 species), Barbets (4 species), Bee-eaters (4 species), Kingfishers (4 species), Parakeets (4 species), Doves (5 species), Pigeons (3 species), Red-wattled lapwing, Common peafowl, Red jungle fowl , Merganser duck, Black-necked stork, White-necked stork, Painted stork, Egrets (4 species), Herons (5 species) and Cormorants.

The Geruwa, a branch of the Karnali River, forms the park's western boundary, while the crest of the Churia range (Siwalik Hills) demarcates the northern limits. Along the southern edge a forest road forms the boundary, in the east it is formed by the Nepalgunj-Surkhet road. Part of the very scenic Babair River valley is included within the park. The approximately 1500 people who lived in this valley have been resettled else where in Bardia District. Since agriculture increased in the Babai valley, the regeneration of natural vegetation is increasing rapidly, making it an area of prime habitat for wildlife. About 70% of the park is covered dominantly with sal (Shorea robusta) forest with the balance of mixture of grassland, savanna and riverine forest. The altitudes vary from 152 meters on the Terai to 1441 meters at Sukarmala on the crest of the Churia range.

Tourist Attractions: Within the park are several open grassland areas (phanta) where game viewing is excellent. Blackbuck, found in a wild state only in Bardia, are frequently seen in Khairi Panditpur about 30 km south-east of the park HQ. Many forest roads throughout the park also offer excellent game viewing. The great one-horned rhinoceros was reintroduced to Bardia from Royal Chitwan National Park in 1986. Indications of the success of this translocation became obvious when a rhino calf was born early in 1988. The rhino's are usually seen in the western part of the park. In 1991, 25 great one-horned rhinos were also translocated to Babai valley from Royal Chitwan National Park.

The Karnali River, one of Nepal's largest, borders the western edge of the park, providing excellent fishing for mahseer, a large game fish. The endangered Gangetic dolphin is also frequently seen.
Sukarmala, the highest point on the crest of the Churia range, can be reached on foot from Karnali, Chisapani or Khairbhatti. From here there are excellent views north toward the Surkhet valley and south over the Terai. Another high point, Telpani, can be reached from Danawatal.

Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve
Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve is located in the Far-Western Region, Nepal and was gazette in 1973 as Royal Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve. Covering 305 km2, it is one of Nepal’s smaller protected areas in the Terai and ranges in altitude from 150 metres (490ft) to 600 meters (2,000ft). A small part of the reserve extends north of the East-West Highway to create a corridor for seasonal migration of wildlife into the Sivalik Hills. The Syali River forms the eastern boundary southward to the international border with India, which demarcates the reserve’s southern and western boundary. The Indian Tiger Reserve Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary is contiguous in the south; this coherent protected area of 439 km2 represents the Tiger Conservation Unit Sukla Phanta-Kishanpur, which covers a 1.897 km2 block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests.

How to Get There: The reserve is accessible by road as well as by air. The reserve will be easily accessible by road from any parts of Nepal with the completion of the far-western sector of East-West Highway. There is once a week flight from Kathmandu to Dhangadhi which is 51 km. far from the park headquarters. There is regular public bus service from Dhangadhi to Mahendranagar taking 3 hours drive and the reserve headquarters is 8 km south-west of Mahendranagar. The reserve can be reached by East-West Highway through Nepalgunj-Dhangadhi-Mahendranagar.

Important Points:
- Movement inside the reserve is restricted between sunrise and sunset.
- Flora and fauna are totally protected and must not be disturbed.
- Rubbish must be either carried away or disposed in a designated place.
- Do carry a comprehensive first aid kit with you, including medicines for intestinal problems.
- A small information center is maintained at the reserve HQ at Majhgaon.

What to bring along: Although the Terai can be cool during the winter, it can be stiflingly hot during the summer months. If you are headed there in winter, bring along a sweater of jacket. Summer months require cool clothes, good walking shoes, shady hat and sunscreen. Make sure your clothes are in colors like brown and green that helps you blend into the background. Carry along some mosquito repellant, anti- diarrhea tablets and anti-histamines. Meanwhile, along with photo equipment, a pair of binoculars will prove invaluable. If you are closer to the monsoon months, carry some waterproof jackets and an extra pair of shoes. Just in Case. The Terai jungle is also famous for leeches that appear in the monsoon and around for a few months after. Salt of a lighted cigarette will make them fall off; do not pull them off as the wound may get infected. Try an insect repellant to keep them away.

General information about the Park
History: The area was a favorite hunting ground for Nepal’s ruling class and was declared a Royal Hunting Reserve in 1969. In 1973 the area was gazette as Royal Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve, initially comprising of 155 km2, and extended to its present size in the late 1980s. A buffer zone of 243.5 km2 was added in May 2004.

Climate: The climate of the region is subtropical monsoonal with mean annual rainfall of 1,579 mm that occurs from June to September and is highest in August. The winter months of December and January are fairly cold with daytime temperatures of 7-12°C and occasional frost. From February onwards temperatures rise up to 25°C in March and reaching 42°C by end of April. When the first pre-monsoon rains reach the area in May, humidity increases.

Vegetation: The prevalent vegetation of the reserve is sukla phanta – grassland, which covers about 16 km2 in area and is the largest patch of continuous grassland in Nepal. The main grass species include Imperata cylindrica and Heteropogon contortus. Khagra Reed (Phragmites karka) and Saccharum spontaneum grow in the marshes of the seven small lakes. The dominant forest type is Sal. Khair and Sissoo grow alongside rivers.

Fauna: The extensive open grasslands and wetlands around the lakes of the reserve are habitat for a wide range of faunal species. In the rivers, lakes and ponds 27 fish species, the globally threatened Mugger crocodile and Indian Rock Python have been recorded as well as the Monitor Lizard, Indian Cobra, Common Krait and Oriental Ratsnake.

Mammals: Current checklists include 46 species of mammals, 18 of which are protected under Cites such as the Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard, Sloth Bear, Swamp Deer, Asian Elephant and Hispid Hare. Great One-horned Rhinoceros were translocated from Chitwan National Park to establish a third viable population in the country. The congregation of Swamp Deer on the reserve's phantas is the largest in the world; the population of Hispid Hare may be of international significance. A total of 423 bird species has been recorded in the reserve that supports the highest population of Bengal Floricans in Nepal. It is the western limit of Swamp Francolin, Jerdon's Bushchat, Rufous-rumped Grassbird, Chestnut-capped Babbler and Jerdon's Babbler; the north-western limit of Yellow-eyed Babbler; the eastern limit of Finn's Weaver and the most important regular wintering site of Hodgson's Bushchat. During a survey carried out in January 2005, a total of 19 Hodgson’s bushchats were recorded, and a year later only 8 males.

Vegetation and Wild Animals: Predominant sal (Shorea robusta) forest is associated with asna (Terminalia alata), semal (Bombaxceiba), and karma (Adina Cordifolia). Khair, (Acacia catechu) and sissoo (Dolbergia sisso) forest is found along the river side. The main grass species of the phantas are Imperata cylindrica and Saccharum heteropogon which are extensively used by the local people for thatching.

The reserve provides prime habitat for swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli). An estimated population of 2000 is found in the reserve. Other wild animals in the reserve are wild elephant (Elephas maximus), tiger (Panthera tigris), hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus), blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus), leopard (Panthera pardus), chital (Zxis axis), hog deer (Zxis porcinus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa).

A total 268 species of birds has been recorded in the reserve. Many grassland birds along with the rare Bengal florican can be seen in the phantas. Marsh mugger crocodile, Indian python, monitor lizard and snakes like cobra, krait and rat snake have been recorded in the reserve.

Tourist Attraction: The extensive open grasslands of Suklaphanta are worth visiting for a breathtaking view of the largest herd of swamp deer in the world and other grassland birds including Bengal florican. Wetlands such as Ranital, Sikarital and others in the extension area like Kalikitch Lake, Lalpanital and Taratal, support a healthy population of many kinds of waterfowl, reptiles and other wildlife. Ranital, 18 km. from the reserve HQ., is a beautiful lake for viewing waterfowl, with machans (viewing towers).

Seasons: The reserve has typically four seasons, winter, spring, summer and monsoon. The months of December and January are fairly cold and misty with occasional frost. Temperatures during the winter range from 10 to 12 C, gradually rising up to 22 to 25 C in February and March. In the pre-monsoon period (April-June) the temperatures range form 30 to 32 C and sometimes reaching as high as 42 C with increasing humidity.

Parsa Wildlife Reserve
Parsa Wildlife Reserve is a protected area in the Inner Terai lowlands of south-central Nepal. Established in 1984, it covers an area of 499 km2 in the Parsa, Makwanpur and Bara districts and is the largest wildlife reserve in the country. In altitude it ranges from 435 meters (1,427 ft) to 950 meters (3,120 ft) in the Siwalik Hills. In the north of the protected area the Rapti River and Siwalik Hills form a natural boundary to human settlements. In the east it extends up to the Hetauda - Birgunj highway. In the south, a forest road demarcates the boundary. Adjacent to the west is Chitwan National Park. Together with the Indian Tiger Reserve Valmiki National Park, the coherent protected area of 2,075 km2 represents the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU) Chitwan-Parsa-Valmiki, which covers a 3,549 km2 huge block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests.

Access to Parsa: The reserve is accessible by bus via the Kathmandu Birgunj highway or the Mahendra Rajmarg highway. The reserve headquarters is an 8 hour drive from Kathmandu. Simara airport is 7 km away from the reserve headquarters. It takes only 15 minutes to reach Simara from Kathmandu by plane.

Seasons: The reserve has a subtropical monsoon climate with relatively high humidity. The main season are winter (October-December), spring (January-March), summer (April-June) and monsoon (July-September). Summer days are characteristically hot with average temperatures ranging from 30 - 35 C.

Facilities: There is a small guesthouse with four rooms at the headquarters. There is also a teahouse that can provide tea, snacks, and Nepali food. Hetauda and Birgunj are about an hour's bus. Make sure to bring a first-aid kit containing medicines for intestinal problems. Near the headquarters there is a Machan (view tower) that provides excellent opportunities to catch glimpses of many birds, deer and leopard. Wild elephants could be also sighted form the Machans. Kailas Bhata is atop a hill, and is of religious importance. It house two small temples (Dugdeswor Mahadev) paying homage to the Hindu gods of Shiva and Parbati. Also, one can look over the lush forests of the Terai from here. An elephant camp is located near the Amlekhgunj in Bara district. Jungle rides can be arranged from the reserve headquarters, which is the best way to get a close view of the wildlife.

Vegetation and Wildlife: The forest is composed of tropical and subtropical forest types with sal (Shorea robusta) forest constituting 90% of the vegetation. In the Churia hills chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) grows and along the streams and river khair (Acacia catechu), sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) and silk cotton tree (Bombaxceiba) occur. Sabai grass (Enlaliopsisbinata), a commercially important grass species, grows well on the southern face of the Churia hills.

The reserve supports a good population of resident wild elephant (Elephas maxinuts), tiger (Pantheratigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinnus), garu (Bos gaurus), blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and wild dog (Cuon alpinus). Other common animals are sambar (Cervus unicolor), chital (Zxis asis), hog deer (Axis porcinus), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjac), langur (Presbytes entellus), rhesus macaques, striped hyena (Hyena hyena), ratel, palm civet and jungle cat.

There are nearly 300 species of birds in the reserve. Giant hornbill, one of the endangered species, is found in certain forest patches. Peafowl, red jungle fowl, flycatchers and woodpeckers are a few of the other common birds found in the reserve. Many kinds of snake like king cobra, common cobra, krait, rat snake and python are found in the reserve due to the hot tropical climate.

Tourist Attraction: Kailash (Bhata) - a religious place and scenic viewing spot on a hilltop is 29 km away from Adhabar (the Reserve head quarters).
 
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve: Located in Saptari and Sunsari districts in eastern Nepal, the Koshi Tappu Safari covers the vast expanse Koshi River with its blue waters and lush jungle areas on both sides. It’s considered as the major attraction of the safari. The forest is the homeland of wild buffaloes, hog deer, wild boar, spotted deer, blue bell and jackals. The vegetation of this area is mainly tall khar-pater grassland with a few patches of Khair-sissoo scrub forest and deciduous mixed river line jungle.

You can explore the forest of Koshi Tappu safari riding on elephant back. Here you will see the hattisar (elephant stable) where elephant breed regularly and which is one of few such facilities in Asia. During the Koshi Tappu Safari at dusk and dawn time you will see many varieties of birds and animals sitting along the river. The best place to watch the bird species is the Barrage, downstream of the river.

Highlights of Koshi Tappu
- Explore the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
- Observe the local culture and tradition
- Interact with kind and warm hearted people
- Bird watching
- Rafting on Sapata Koshi River
- Drive to the Koshi Barrage to view some bird-life and fresh water Dolphins
- Pink Tower
- Barahchhetra
- Endangered Gangetic Dolphin
- Enjoy and explore the varieties of birds

Access to Koshi Tappu
By Road: From Kakarvitta (coming from India) it is roughly 3 hours drive to the camp along the east-west highway. From Chitwan it is 300 km which takes roughly an 8 hour drive to reach the camp. From Kathmandu it is 500-kms which generally takes 12 hours. We generally do not recommend driving straight from and to Kathmandu as it is rather a long journey. This scenic route can be better enjoyed by making your visit a combination of Chitwan and Koshi holidays. At Chitwan you may like to spend at least 2 nights to enjoy some of the birds and large mammals.

By Raft: If you are rafting in one of the tributaries of the Koshi River, our camp is easily accessed by stopping your boat at Madhuban. Given prior notice of your arrival we will send escorts for your group. Our camp will be an ideal place to relax after a long journey down the river.

By Air: It is a 50 minute flight from Kathmandu to Biratnagar, and there are at least 6 flights a day. The camp is a little over an hour's drive from Biratnagar airport.

Activities in the park: Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve offers many options and activities to give full opportunities to view the wildlife at its best.

Jungle walk: The jungle along the belts of the Koshi River is full of birds and other animal species. By the river lagoons and wetlands provides excellent opportunity to sight birdlife, deer and herds of water buffaloes.

Soft wildlife Rafting: Taking a raft down the Koshi river is another alternative for exploring the reserve. Here, you can see the water birds daily chores like looking for food. The marsh muggers or the ghariyal crocodiles sun bathing but of course out of reach. You might be lucky enough the spot the rare wild buffaloes. Down the end, at the barrage, Genetics river dolphins could be your best view of the day.

Village Walk: This is another interesting activity. Tharus, the early inhabitants of the region have their own unique way of living not affected by the western influence. Their beautifully decorated homes and their way of living can be an interesting part of the tour. The village is also plastic-free, one of the few environmentally aware and clean villages in the country. This initiative towards environmental awareness was taken by The Koshi Tappu Wildlife Camp itself.

Birds watching: Rarities include Greater Adjutant Stork, Red-necked Falcon, Indian Skimmer, Indian Courser, Bengal and Lesser Floricans, Hodgson's Bushchat, amongst others.Spot-billed Pelican, Lesser Adjutant Stork, Black-necked Stork, Falcated Duck, Baer's Pochard, Comb Duck, White-tailed Eagle, Imperial Eagle, Pied Harrier, Caspian Tern, Black-bellied Tern, Stork-billed Kingfisher, Swamp Francolin, Striated Grassbird, and Bristled Grassbird.

Outlined itinerary
DAY 01: Drive or fly from Kathmandu to Biratnagar.
DAY 02: After breakfast you set out for full day excursion on boat and four wheels drive with packed lunch to see waders, waterfowl, birds of prey, marsh crocodile, otters, wild water buffalo and Gangetic Dolphins including a visit to Pink Tower.
DAY 03: After a wholesome breakfast you go for bird watch inside the reserve in the scrub forest, grasslands and wetland habitat with lunch packs to see swamp partridge, black necked stork, buntings, bulbuls etc. In the afternoon you can either continue bird watching or enjoy optional elephant ride to watch Arna, the wild water buffalo, blue bull, hog deer, fishing etc.
DAY 04: Early morning you can either enjoy bird watching around the camp area or have leisure walk. After breakfast you depart for Kathmandu.

What to bring?
- Binoculars add greatly to your enjoyment for bird and wildlife viewing.
- Neutral colored clothing is recommended for a visit to the jungle.
- Light clothing is needed for day time with a sweater and warm jacket for the evenings from November to March.
- Pants / Trousers are recommended for elephant safari.
- Comfortable walking shoes, sun hat, sunglasses etc. are essential.
- Insect repellent and personal medical requirements should be carried.
- We suggest guests travel light bringing only one small suitcase or duffle bag.
- During the warmer months swimming suits are recommended. A Small flash light is recommended.

Note: This is a typical package but it is possible to design longer or shorter programs according to your time and interest.

Details about the Koshi Tappu: Koshi Tappu is a rectangular shaped reserve, approximately 10 km wide and 10 km long, stretching northward from the Nepal/India border along the Sapta Koshi River. The Sapta Koshi is one of the three main tributaries of the Ganges. Because of its destructiveness during monsoon floods and attempt has been made to control the waters by constructing 7-10 m high embankments parallel to the river. These prevent lateral spread of the enormous monsoon flow. Control gates at the Koshi Barrage on the border with India act as a dam and also contain the river. Rapid and complete inundation of the reserve to depths ranging from 10 to 300 cm occurs during the monsoon. The river also changes its main course from one season to another.

The vegetation is mainly tall khar-pater grassland with a few pater grassland with a few patches of khair-sissoo (Acacia catechu-Dalbergia sissoo) scrub forest and deciduous mixed reverie forest. The reserve offers important habitat for a variety of wildlife. The last surviving population (about 100 individuals) of wild buffalo or arna (Bubalus arnee arnee) is found here. They are distinguished from domestic animals by their much bigger horns. Other mammals occurring here are hog deer, wild boar, spotted deer and blue bull. The reserve also assists the local economy by providing fishing permits and allowing the collection of edible fruits and ferns in season.

A total of 280 different species of birds have been recorded in the reserve. These include twenty species of ducks, two species of ibises, many storks, egrets, herons and the endangered swamp partridge and Bengal florican. The Koshi Barrage is extremely important as a resting place for migratory birds and many species recorded there are not seen elsewhere in Nepal. The endangered Gharial crocodile and Gangetic dolphin have been recorded in the Koshi River.

Local villagers are permitted to collect grasses from within the reserve in January each year. These are used for thatching roofs and building house walls. Because of intensive agriculture the grasses can no longer be found outside the reserve.

Tourist attraction: The best time to visit Koshi Tappu is between October and March when many migratory and resident birds can be seen at the barrage and on the main river channel. Several Himalayan peaks including Makalu (8475m) the worlds fifth highest mountain, can be seen during this period of cooler clear weather. The trail along the eastern embankment of the reserve provides places to observe birds and at dusk and dawn some of the resident animals. The government Hattisar (elephant stable) at Koshi Tappu has the distinction of biding one of the few facilities in Asia where elephants breed regularly. A semi-wild male, named Ganesh Maharaj by locals, frequently visit and mates with the females, producing a total of nine youngsters so far. Ganesh Maharaj, named after the Hindu God, is considered sacred by local people. Visitors can arrange elephant rides into the reserve from the Reserve Headquarters. Baraha Chhetra, located 5 km north of Chatara, is the site of an annual religious festival and is sacred to both Hindus and Buddhists.

Seasons: The region of Nepal experiences three distinct seasons. Summer lasting from February through May is intensely hot with minimal precipitation. Shade temperatures can reach 40 C. The monsoon commences late May or early June with frequent and violent thunderstorms. Rainfall is greatest during July but high humidity and temperatures are experienced throughout the season. Winter lasts from October through January with unclouded skies and moderate temperatures.